Outlines

 

• Introductions and Brief History of Electricity Supply since Edison.
• Essential Revision on the Fundamentals of Electricity
• Ohms Law, Power and Energy
• AC Voltage Generation
• AC Power in Resistive Circuits
• Effects of Inductance and Capacitance
• Power Factor
• Introduction to the P.U. system
• Generation Synchronism and Frequency
• Three-Phase AC Circuits
• The Impedance Triangle
• Voltage Drop Calculations
• Essential Revision on the Elements of a Power System
• (A Practical Understanding for the SCADA Operator).
• Power Generation
• Transmission Lines and Cables
• Substations
• Transformers
• Other Terminal Equipment (Breakers, Switches, Earthing Devices, Surge   

      Arrestors, VT’s, CT’s, Shunt Reactors, Shunt Capacitors, Series   

     Reactors, Series Capacitors, Protective Relaying

• Overview of the Components of a SCADA/Energy Management System (EMS)
• Remote Terminal Units (Network Terminal Units - NTU’s)
• Communications
• The Master Station (Control Room) - Hardware and Software - Redundancy Concepts
• RTU Basic Hardware Structure

 

 

 

 

 

• RTU Software and Firmware Structure

-       Input/ Output Requirements from Power System Elements and how derived.

 

1. Status (Switching Device Status and Alarms)
2. Analog Values, MW, Mvar, KV, KA, Frequency etc
3. Counters (Accumulators)
4. Control Outputs (Command to Switching Devices)

An Overview of Communications and the effect on SCADA Operators

      Types of Power System Communications

            Radio and Microwave

            Power-Line Carrier

            Fibre Optics

            Telephone Circuits and pilot cables

            Satellite

Operating Systems, UNIX

Remote Data Acquisition Software (Part 1)

• Databases
• Database Editor tools
• Graphical User Interface
  • Substation Single Line Diagrams
  • Network Overview Diagrams
  • Selection of Pictures for Operations
  • Treatment of Analogue Values
  • Treatment of Status Values
  • Operation of Switching Devices and Transformer Taps
  • Manual Setting of Status and Analogue Values
  • Tagging

Remote Data Acquisition Software (Part 2)

• Data Trending
• Report Writing and Generation
• Historical Data Collection
• Calculations/ Interpreters
• Disturbance Data Analysis
• Load Estimation
• Expert Alarm Handling

Understanding Power Network Problems for the SCADA Operator

The Power Network Constraints

• Power Flows
• Fault-Levels (Switchgear Fault Clearance Capability
• Voltage Constraints (Reactive Power Control)
• Network Stability (Transient and Dynamic)
• System Frequency

The Control of Generation Output                       

• Plant Limitations and Introduction (1)
• Merit Orders (The theory of Economic Generation Dispatching)

 

 

SCADA/EMS Software for the Control of Generation Output

• Unit Commitment (UC)
• Economic Dispatch Calculation (EDC)
• Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

                        Features e.g. Frequency-biased tie line Control

• Interchange Transaction Scheduling

Advanced EMS Software Applications for the solution of Network Problems/Constraints  - Introduced in Session 9

• State Estimation
• Operator Load Flow
• Contingency Analysis
• Short-Circuit Analysis (Fault Levels)
• Optimal Power Flow (OPF)

How the SCADA/EMS Operator - Interpretation of Results at the MMI (GUI), carries these out

Normal Operating Hazards with Case Studies - A Practical Session

• Generating Plant Limitations (2)
• Line Switching
• Overvoltages and Transformers

Emergency Conditions with Case Studies

A Practical Session  - Recognising an Emergency Condition with SCADA/EMS Tools

• Frequency Variations and other indications of System abnormality
• Interchange Variation During Emergencies
• SCADA Operator actions During Emergencies

Recovery from Major Disasters with SCADA/EMS

A Practical Session with Case Studies

• Restoration Procedures including Black-Start
• Cold Load Pick-up
• Generator Loading and Frequency Control
• Voltage Control during Restoration

 

Questions and Answers and Summary

Who Should Attend

Electrical Engineers and Technicians involved in the Operation and Control of Generation/Transmission Systems  

Duration

5 Days